Vivaldi-based Virtual Coordinate System for IoT Blockchain <Abstract> Blockchain aims to enhance the reliability and security of IoT applications but suffers from high propagation delays, especially in large-scale networks. The main reason is that an IoT blockchain node’s default transactions and block transmissions do not have distance information about the node’s peers, hence the node may select a far-away one, resulting in significant propagation delays. To address this issue, this paper introduces a Vivaldibased virtual coordinate system for private Ethereum blockchains, allowing nodes to estimate their relative positions. While the Vivaldi algorithm is well suited for decentralized systems, its application in blockchain remains underexplored, particularly in dynamic, asynchronous environments. We integrate the Vivaldi algorithm into the Ethereum blockchain client and evaluate its performance in a 40-node emulated environment. Our results demonstrate that the system achieves a relative error of 0.1 in node location estimation. |